How do Promoters and Additives Affect Catalytic Processes?
The addition of promoters and additives can lead to several beneficial effects in catalytic processes:
1. Enhanced Activity: Promoters can increase the number of active sites or improve the intrinsic activity of the catalyst, leading to higher reaction rates. 2. Improved Selectivity: By modifying the electronic or geometric properties of the catalyst, promoters and additives can steer the reaction towards the desired products, minimizing by-products. 3. Increased Stability: Additives can prevent catalyst deactivation by mitigating fouling, sintering, or poisoning, thereby extending the catalyst's lifetime. 4. Optimized Reaction Conditions: Additives can enable reactions to proceed under milder conditions, reducing energy consumption and operational costs.
