MMPs function as catalysts by facilitating the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in ECM proteins such as collagen, elastin, gelatin, and proteoglycans. The catalytic domain of MMPs contains a zinc ion that coordinates with water molecules to generate a highly reactive hydroxyl ion. This hydroxyl ion attacks the carbonyl group of the peptide bond, leading to its cleavage. This mechanism is essential for the degradation of ECM components, which is critical in various biological processes.
