Catalysts function by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction, which has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed pathway. This can be achieved through several mechanisms:
1. Adsorption: In heterogeneous catalysis, reactants adsorb onto the surface of the catalyst, where they are brought into close proximity, facilitating the reaction.
2. Formation of Intermediates: Catalysts often form temporary intermediates with the reactants, which then decompose to yield the final product and regenerate the catalyst.
3. Stabilization of Transition States: Catalysts can stabilize the transition state of a reaction, lowering the energy barrier for the reaction to proceed.
