Catalysts can stabilize intermediates through various mechanisms, including:
Electronic Effects: Catalysts can donate or withdraw electrons to stabilize charged intermediates. Geometric Effects: The spatial arrangement of atoms in the catalyst can influence the stability of intermediates. Hydrogen Bonding: Catalysts can form hydrogen bonds with intermediates, stabilizing them. Coordination Complexes: Metal catalysts often form coordination complexes with intermediates, stabilizing them through metal-ligand interactions.
