The operation of AFCs involves several catalytic processes at both the anode and the cathode. At the anode, hydrogen gas is oxidized into protons and electrons. The electrons travel through an external circuit to provide electrical power, while the protons move through the electrolyte. At the cathode, oxygen molecules react with the incoming electrons and protons to form water. The overall reaction can be summarized as: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
