One of the primary ways to develop cost-effective methods is to reduce the cost of catalyst materials. This can be achieved through:
Using abundant and inexpensive metals like iron, nickel, or copper instead of precious metals. Developing bimetallic or alloy catalysts that combine expensive metals with cheaper ones to maintain high activity and reduce costs. Employing heterogeneous catalysis where the catalyst can be easily separated and reused, thus minimizing material waste.
