deactivation studies

How Can Catalyst Deactivation Be Characterized?

To understand and mitigate deactivation, several characterization techniques are employed:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Identifies changes in the crystalline structure.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides images of the catalyst surface to detect fouling and sintering.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Measures the strength and amount of adsorbed species on the catalyst.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Assesses weight changes due to thermal decomposition.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Identifies specific chemical bonds and functional groups on the catalyst surface.

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