The synthesis of porphyrins can be achieved through several methods. The most common synthetic route is the Rothemund method, which involves the condensation of pyrrole with aldehydes under acidic conditions. Another popular method is the Adler method, which employs refluxing a mixture of pyrrole and aldehydes in propionic acid. These methods allow for the incorporation of various substituents, enabling the customization of porphyrin properties.