The study of surface species involves a range of analytical techniques. Some of the most common methods include: - Spectroscopy: Techniques like Infrared (IR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) help identify chemical states and compositions of surface species. - Microscopy: Techniques such as Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) allow visualization of surface structures at the atomic level. - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): This technique measures the amount and type of gases desorbed from the catalyst surface as a function of temperature, providing insights into the nature of adsorption sites.
