Characterization of new catalytic materials involves a variety of techniques to understand their structure, composition, and performance. Common methods include: - X-ray diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystal structure. - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Provides information on morphology and particle size. - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface composition and chemical states. - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis: Measures surface area and porosity. - Catalytic testing: Evaluates the activity, selectivity, and stability under reaction conditions.
