Nanofluids are typically prepared using two primary methods:
1. One-step Method: This involves simultaneous production and dispersion of nanoparticles in the base fluid. Techniques include chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, and flame spray pyrolysis. 2. Two-step Method: In this method, nanoparticles are first synthesized and then dispersed in the base fluid using ultrasonication, magnetic stirring, or high-shear mixing.
