A variety of advanced techniques are used to characterize model catalysts, including:
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): This technique provides atomic-scale images of surfaces, allowing researchers to observe surface structures and reactions in real-time. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Used to analyze the chemical composition and electronic states of the surface. Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): This technique measures the amount and type of gases desorbing from the surface as a function of temperature, providing information on adsorption sites and energies. Infrared Spectroscopy: Used to study surface-bound species and reaction intermediates.
