How Are Electric Fields Applied in Catalytic Systems?
Electric fields can be applied in several ways in catalytic systems. In electrocatalytic systems, an external voltage is applied to electrodes to generate the necessary electric field. In surface science, techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can apply localized electric fields to study their effects on catalytic processes. Additionally, materials with intrinsic electric fields, such as ferroelectric materials, can be used to explore field effects in catalysis.
