CRMs in catalysis are used in various ways: - Calibration: Instruments such as gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and other analytical tools require calibration with CRMs to ensure precise measurements of reaction products. - Validation: Methods used to measure catalytic properties such as turnover frequency, selectivity, and stability are validated using CRMs. - Benchmarking: CRMs serve as a reference to compare new catalysts against established standards, facilitating the identification of superior catalytic materials.