The synthesis of catalysts involves several steps, including the selection of precursor materials, the preparation of these materials, and their subsequent transformation into the active catalytic form. Techniques such as sol-gel processing, hydrothermal synthesis, and co-precipitation are commonly used. Characterization methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) are employed to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts.
