The synthesis of biomass-derived catalysts typically involves several steps: 1. Pre-treatment: The biomass is subjected to processes such as drying, grinding, and sieving to prepare it for further processing. 2. Activation: This step involves the activation of the biomass, often through pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization, to produce biochar or activated carbon. 3. Functionalization: The activated material is then functionalized by incorporating active catalytic sites through chemical treatments or by impregnation with metal nanoparticles.
