How are Antibiotics Synthesized through Catalysis?
Many antibiotics are synthesized through [enzymatic catalysis](). Enzymes, which are biological catalysts, facilitate the formation of complex antibiotic molecules from simpler precursors. For example, [penicillin](), a well-known antibiotic, is synthesized by the enzyme penicillinase through a series of catalytic steps involving condensation and oxidation reactions. Additionally, [polyketide synthases]() and [non-ribosomal peptide synthetases]() are enzyme complexes that catalyze the assembly of a wide range of antibiotic molecules in microorganisms.
