The identification of active components involves a combination of experimental techniques and theoretical methods. Common techniques include:
- Spectroscopy: Methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy help in determining the structure and composition of active sites.
- Microscopy: Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide detailed images of the catalyst's surface and its active sites.
- Computational Modeling: Density Functional Theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations are used to predict the behavior of active components at a molecular level.
