The characterization of acid sites is vital for understanding and optimizing catalytic processes. Common techniques include:
Infrared spectroscopy (IR): Used to identify the presence and type of acid sites by analyzing the absorption of IR radiation. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD): Measures the amount of a probe molecule desorbed from the catalyst surface as a function of temperature, providing information about the strength and density of acid sites. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): Offers insights into the local environment of acid sites and their distribution within the catalyst.
