Yes, interstitials can be engineered in materials to enhance their catalytic properties. Methods include:
1. Doping: Introducing dopants into the crystal lattice can create interstitials. For example, doping titanium dioxide with nitrogen can introduce interstitial nitrogen atoms, enhancing its photocatalytic properties.
2. Thermal Treatment: Controlled heating and cooling can induce the formation of interstitials by creating vacancies and allowing atoms to occupy these positions.
3. Mechanical Processing: Techniques like ball milling can introduce defects, including interstitials, by mechanically deforming the crystal lattice.
