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5. What are common methods for catalyst characterization?

Characterizing catalysts involves several techniques to understand their physical and chemical properties. Common methods include X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystal structures, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying functional groups. Additionally, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) help in analyzing adsorption and reduction properties.

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