Inadequate Catalyst Activity: If the catalyst is not active enough, it will not facilitate the reaction efficiently, leading to lower conversion. Poor Mass Transfer: Inadequate mixing or mass transfer limitations can restrict the availability of reactants at the catalyst surface. Insufficient Reaction Time: Given a fixed volume, insufficient reaction time may prevent the reactants from fully converting into products. Deactivation of Catalyst: Over time, catalysts can become deactivated due to fouling, poisoning, or sintering, leading to reduced conversion rates.
