Several factors can contribute to incomplete conversion:
Catalyst Deactivation: Over time, catalysts can lose their activity due to poisoning, fouling, or sintering, leading to reduced efficiency. Equilibrium Limitations: Some reactions are limited by thermodynamic equilibrium, meaning that complete conversion is not possible. Mass Transfer Limitations: Poor mixing or diffusion constraints can prevent reactants from reaching the active sites of the catalyst. Kinetic Limitations: The reaction rate may be too slow under the given conditions, resulting in incomplete conversion within the desired timeframe.
