HPAs are essential in catalysis due to their multifunctionality and tunability. Their strong Brønsted acidity is comparable to sulfuric acid, which allows them to catalyze a wide range of acid-catalyzed reactions. Additionally, their redox properties enable them to participate in oxidation-reduction reactions, making them suitable for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Their high thermal stability ensures that they can be used in high-temperature industrial processes without degradation.
