x ray

What X-ray Techniques are Commonly Used?

Several X-ray techniques are commonly utilized in catalysis research, including:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystalline structure and phase composition of catalysts.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Provides information about the local electronic and geometric structure of the catalyst.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Used to analyze the surface composition and chemical states of the elements present in the catalyst.
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF): Allows for the determination of elemental composition and concentration.

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