What Types of Catalysts are Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis?
In pharmaceutical synthesis, various types of catalysts are employed, each with its own advantages and applications. These include:
- Homogeneous Catalysts: These are catalysts that exist in the same phase as the reactants, typically in a solution. They are known for their high activity and selectivity. - Heterogeneous Catalysts: These catalysts are in a different phase than the reactants, usually as a solid in contact with liquid or gas reactants. They are easier to separate from the reaction mixture and can be reused. - Biocatalysts: Enzymes and other biological molecules that can catalyze reactions. They are highly specific and operate under mild conditions, making them ideal for the synthesis of complex, sensitive molecules. - Organometallic Catalysts: These contain metal atoms bonded to organic molecules and are used for a variety of transformations, including cross-coupling reactions and hydrogenations.
