What Techniques Are Used to Study Dynamic Processes?
Several advanced techniques are used to study dynamic processes in catalysis:
1. In-situ Spectroscopy: Techniques like IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy allow for real-time monitoring of changes in the catalyst and reactants during the reaction. 2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique helps in understanding phase changes and restructuring of the catalyst. 3. Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): TPD provides insights into the adsorption and desorption behavior of reactants and products on the catalyst surface. 4. Microscopy Techniques: Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) offers high-resolution images of catalyst surfaces, helping to visualize structural changes.
