What Techniques are Used to Study Dynamic Changes?
Several advanced techniques are employed to study dynamic changes in catalysis. In situ and operando spectroscopy techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) allow real-time monitoring of catalyst structure and composition during the reaction. Additionally, computational methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide insights into the mechanisms of dynamic changes at the atomic level.
