crystal structures

What Techniques are Used to Characterize Crystal Structures?

Several techniques are employed to characterize crystal structures in the context of catalysis:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique provides information about the crystal structure, phase composition, and crystallite size.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): These techniques offer detailed images of crystal morphology and surface structure.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Used to study surface topography at the nanoscale.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Helps in understanding the surface chemistry and adsorption sites.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Provides information about the electronic states and composition of the surface.

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