What Techniques are Used to Characterize Catalysts?
Characterizing catalysts is essential to understand their structure-property relationships. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide information on the crystallographic structure of materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offer insights into the morphology and size of catalyst particles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to analyze the surface composition and oxidation states of elements. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis measures the surface area and porosity, which are critical parameters for catalytic performance.
