surface structure of the catalyst

What Techniques are Used to Characterize Catalyst Surface Structure?

Several advanced techniques are employed to study and characterize the surface structure of catalysts. Common methods include:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of the catalyst surface.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images to observe atomic arrangements.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface composition and chemical states.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures surface topography at the nanometer scale.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis: Determines surface area and porosity.

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