What Techniques Are Used to Characterize Active Sites?
Characterizing active sites is crucial for understanding how to tailor them effectively. Several advanced techniques are used, including:
1. Spectroscopy Techniques like X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy can provide information about the electronic and structural properties of active sites.
2. Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) can visualize the morphology and distribution of active sites at the nanoscale.
3. Surface Area Analysis Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis can measure the surface area of the catalyst, which is directly related to the number of available active sites.
4. Temperature-Programmed Techniques Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) can provide insights into the interaction between the catalyst and reactants or intermediates.
