Several advanced techniques are employed to study surface phenomena in catalysis:
1. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Provides atomic-scale images of surfaces, allowing researchers to observe surface morphology and atomic arrangements. 2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Used to analyze the elemental composition and chemical states of the surface. 3. Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Measures the amount of gas desorbed from a surface as a function of temperature, giving insight into adsorption energies and surface coverage. 4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Analyzes the vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on surfaces, providing information about molecular interactions and bonding.
