What Techniques are Used in In Situ Characterization?
Several techniques can be employed for in situ characterization, each offering unique insights:
1. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): This technique provides information about the oxidation state and local environment of the catalytic elements. 2. Raman Spectroscopy: Useful for identifying molecular vibrations and changes in the chemical structure of the catalyst. 3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Helps determine the crystalline structure and phase changes in the catalyst material. 4. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Allows for high-resolution imaging of the catalyst's morphology and structural changes. 5. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Monitors the interaction of reactants with the catalyst surface.
