Several advanced techniques are employed for enhanced monitoring in catalysis: 1. Spectroscopy: Techniques such as Raman, Infrared (IR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provide valuable information about the molecular structure and dynamics of the reactants and products. 2. Chromatography: Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are used to separate and analyze components of a mixture. 3. Mass Spectrometry (MS): This technique helps in identifying the masses of particles, thus providing insights into the molecular composition of the reaction mixture. 4. Calorimetry: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) measure heat changes during reactions, providing information about reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. 5. Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) allow for the visualization of catalyst surfaces at the nano-scale.
