Several techniques are employed in advanced monitoring, including:
Spectroscopy (e.g., Raman, IR, NMR): These techniques provide detailed information about the molecular structure and chemical environment of the reactants, intermediates, and products. Chromatography: Used to separate and analyze complex mixtures, helping to identify and quantify reaction products. Mass Spectrometry: Offers high sensitivity and specificity in detecting reaction products and intermediates. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Provides insights into the crystal structure and phase composition of solid catalysts. Microscopy (e.g., TEM, SEM): Allows for the visualization of catalyst morphology and the identification of structural changes over time.
