What Techniques are Used for Surveillance in Catalysis?
Several techniques are employed for effective surveillance in catalysis, including:
1. Spectroscopic Methods: Techniques like infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provide insights into the structural and chemical properties of catalysts. 2. Chromatography: Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) are used to analyze reaction products and monitor the performance of the catalyst. 3. Microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offer detailed images of the catalyst's surface and morphology. 4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique helps in understanding the crystalline structure of the catalyst and any changes occurring during the reaction. 5. Temperature-Programmed Techniques: Methods like temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) are used to study the reducibility and adsorption properties of catalysts.
