surface species analysis

What Techniques are Used for Surface Species Analysis?

Several analytical techniques are employed for surface species analysis, including:

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique provides information about the elemental composition and oxidation states of surface species.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): It is used to identify functional groups and molecular structures on the catalyst surface.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: NMR can provide detailed information about the electronic environment of surface species.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): This technique measures the amount and type of gases desorbed from the catalyst surface as the temperature is increased.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): These imaging techniques provide detailed morphological information about the catalyst surface.