structural characterization

What Techniques are Used for Structural Characterization?

Several advanced techniques are employed for structural characterization:

X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Provides information on the crystalline structure, phase composition, and particle size of the catalyst.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the catalyst's morphology and particle size distribution.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Used to study the surface morphology and topography of catalysts.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides insights into the local chemical environment of atoms within the catalyst.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Used to investigate the functional groups and chemical bonds in the catalyst.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the elemental composition, oxidation states, and electronic states of the surface atoms.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis: Measures the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of porous catalysts.