elemental mapping:

What Techniques are Used for Elemental Mapping?

Several advanced techniques are used for elemental mapping, including:
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS): Commonly integrated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to provide elemental composition and distribution.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Offers surface-sensitive elemental analysis.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS): Allows for high-resolution surface and depth profiling.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS): Often used in conjunction with TEM for high-resolution elemental and chemical analysis.

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