characterization data:

What Techniques are Used for Characterization?

Several techniques are employed to gather characterization data, each providing unique insights:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Determines the crystalline structure of materials.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the catalyst's morphology.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides surface images and composition details.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Identifies functional groups and chemical bonds.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis: Measures surface area and porosity.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface composition and oxidation states.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Explores molecular structure and dynamics.

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