1. Pump-Probe Spectroscopy: This technique involves using an initial (pump) laser pulse to excite the system, followed by a delayed (probe) pulse to monitor the reaction as it progresses. The delay between the pulses can be varied to capture different stages of the reaction. 2. Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction: Combining ultrafast laser pulses with X-ray diffraction allows researchers to observe structural changes in catalytic materials during reactions. 3. Ultrafast Electron Microscopy: This technique provides high-resolution images of catalytic processes in real-time, capturing the motion of atoms and molecules.
