Catalysis plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of AOPs. Catalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂) are commonly used in photocatalytic processes to generate hydroxyl radicals under UV light. Additionally, transition metal catalysts like iron (Fe) in the Fenton reaction facilitate the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into hydroxyl radicals. The use of catalysts can significantly lower the energy requirements and increase the reaction rates of AOPs.
