Cofactors such as coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD, and various metal ions (e.g., Mg2+, Mn2+) are indispensable in the Citric Acid Cycle. They assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing reaction intermediates or serving as electron carriers. For example, NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2, respectively, during the cycle, which are then used in oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
