What Methods are Used to Study Electronic Properties?
Several experimental and theoretical methods are used to study electronic properties:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique measures the binding energies of core electrons to provide information about the oxidation states and electronic environments of elements in the catalyst. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS): UPS is used to study the valence band structure and work function of a material. Density Functional Theory (DFT): DFT calculations provide theoretical insights into the electronic structure, enabling predictions of catalytic behavior.
