Various techniques are employed for monitoring catalysts, including:
1. Spectroscopic Techniques: Methods like IR Spectroscopy, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, and NMR help in understanding the chemical environment and structural changes in the catalyst. 2. Chromatographic Techniques: Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are used to analyze the composition of reactants and products. 3. Microscopic Techniques: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provide insights into the morphology and physical state of the catalyst. 4. In Situ Techniques: These include X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) and Raman Spectroscopy, which allow the observation of catalysts under actual reaction conditions.
