1. Active Site Geometry: The arrangement of atoms at the active site can significantly impact the binding of reactants and the transition state stabilization. 2. Electronic Properties: The electronic structure of a catalyst, including its oxidation state and electron density, affects its ability to donate or accept electrons during the reaction. 3. Surface Area and Porosity: Higher surface area and appropriate pore size distribution can enhance the availability of active sites. 4. Support Material: The choice of support material can influence the dispersion of the active phase and its interaction with reactants. 5. Promoters and Inhibitors: Additives can enhance or suppress catalytic activity by modifying the electronic or geometric properties of the catalyst.
