Pretreatment costs are influenced by several factors, including:
Material Costs: The cost of raw materials and reagents used in pretreatment, such as gases for reduction or oxidation. Energy Costs: Energy consumption for processes like heating during calcination or cooling during quenching. Labor Costs: Skilled labor required to monitor and control pretreatment processes. Equipment Costs: Depreciation and maintenance of equipment used in pretreatment. Environmental Compliance: Costs associated with waste disposal and meeting environmental regulations.