Several factors can contribute to a shortened catalyst lifespan. Common causes include poisoning, fouling, sintering, thermal degradation, and mechanical wear. Poisoning occurs when impurities bind to active sites on the catalyst, blocking reactions. Fouling involves the accumulation of by-products on the catalyst surface, which also inhibits performance. Sintering, often exacerbated by high temperatures, causes the active metal particles to agglomerate, reducing surface area and reactivity. Thermal degradation involves the breakdown of the catalyst material due to prolonged exposure to extreme conditions. Lastly, mechanical wear can occur from the physical stress experienced in the reactor environment.
