1. Thermal Degradation: High operating temperatures can cause sintering, where particles agglomerate, reducing the surface area and activity of the catalyst. 2. Mechanical Degradation: Physical wear due to abrasion or fracturing of catalyst particles can occur, especially in fluidized bed reactors. 3. Chemical Degradation: Exposure to harsh chemicals can lead to poisoning (permanent deactivation) or fouling (temporary deactivation) of the catalyst.
